Dawnerz Safety Center

WARNING!

This bulletin contains important safety information about the use of tie-downs. However, it DOES NOT contain all the information you need to know about handling and securing materials and cargo safely. It is your responsibility to use tie-downs safely and to consider all risk factors before using any tie-down system. Failure to do this may result in SEVERE INJURY or DEATH due to tie-down failure and/or loss of cargo.

The following six points briefly summarize some important safety issues:

1. All users must be trained in tie-down selection (including limitations), use and inspection, hazards to personnel, environmental effects, all applicable standards and regulations, and tie-down practices.

2. Inspect tie-downs for damage before each use. If the tie-down is damaged, IMMEDIATELY remove it from service.

3. Protect tie-downs from damage. ALWAYS protect tie-downs in contact with edges, corners, protrusions, or abrasive surfaces with materials of sufficient strength, thickness, and construction to prevent damage.

4. Do not exceed a tie-down’s rated capacity. Always consider the effect of tie-down angle and tension on the tie-down’s capacity, and NEVER OVERLOAD tie-downs.

5. Be alert when securing cargo. Any unplanned release of tension could cause the load to shift or fall and/or strike personnel with deadly recoil force. Be alert in the “Danger Zone” (near the load, in-line or near tie-downs under tension, etc.).

6. Maintain and store tie-downs properly. Tie-downs should be protected from UV light degradation, as well as from heat, chemical, environmental, and/or mechanical damage.
   
   

1. All tie-down Users Must be Trained and Knowledgeable

All tie-down users must be trained on the proper use of tie-downs, including tie-down selection and inspection, hazards to personnel, and environmental effects. The Web Sling & Tie-down Association (WSTDA) defines a “qualified person” as one who:

“who by possession of a recognized degree, certificate of professional standing or by extensive knowledge, training and experience has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter and work.” (WSTDA T-1, page 2)

All tie-down users must be knowledgeable about the safe and proper use and application of tie-downs and loading practices and be thoroughly familiar with the manufacturer’s use and safety materials provided with each product. In addition, all tie-down users must be aware of their responsibilities as outlined in all applicable federal, state, provincial, and local regulations and industry standards.

If you are unsure whether you are knowledgeable or trained, or if you are unsure of what the standards and regulations require of you, ask your employer for information and/or training. DO NOT use tie-downs until you are sure of what you are doing. Remember, when it comes to using tie-downs, lack of skill, knowledge, and care can result in SEVERE INJURY or DEATH to you and others.

2. Tie-downs Must Be Regularly and Properly Inspected

Even seemingly “minor” damage to a tie-down can significantly reduce its capacity to hold objects and increase the chance that the tie-down will fail during use. Therefore, tie-downs must be regularly and properly inspected. In reality, there simply is no such thing as “minor” damage. If you are not sure whether a tie-down is damaged, DO NOT USE IT.

2a. How to inspect tie-downs

To detect possible damage, you should perform a visual inspection of the entire tie-down. You should look for any of the types of conditions listed in Table 1. Table 2 shows examples of some of these types of damage, but note that they are relatively extreme examples provided for illustration purposes only.

2b. What to do if you identify damage in a tie-down

If you identify ANY of these types of damage in a tie-down, remove it from service immediately, even if the damage you see is not as extensive as shown in the pictures in Table 2.

Tie-downs that are removed from service must be destroyed and rendered completely unusable, as no repairs of tie-down webbing, fittings, buckles, or stitching/sewing patterns shall be permitted. Synthetic web tie-downs may be re-webbed using existing hardware if the tie-down manufacturer determines the hardware is reusable. You must never ignore tie-down damage or attempt to perform temporary field repairs of damaged tie-downs.

Table 1. Tie-down inspection – Removal criteria

The entire tie-down must be inspected before each use, and it shall be removed from service immediately if ANY of the following are detected:

2c. How often to inspect tie-downs?

A three-stage procedure is recommended to help ensure that tie-downs are inspected with appropriate frequency:

• Initial Inspection—Whenever a tie-down is initially received, it must be inspected by a qualified person to help ensure that the correct tie-down has been received and is undamaged and that the tie-down meets applicable requirements for its intended use.

• Frequent Inspection—Tie-downs should be inspected by the person handling/using the tie-down (or by another qualified person) before every use.

• Periodic Inspection—Every tie-down should be inspected “periodically” by a qualified person [someone other than the individual(s) who performs the frequent inspection]. Periodic tie-down inspections shall not exceed one year. The frequency of periodic inspections is based upon the frequency of use, severity of service conditions, nature of the load/cargo being secured, and experience gained in the inspection of other tie-downs used in similar circumstances. A written record of the most recent periodic inspection should be maintained.

3. Tie-downs Must be Adequately Protected from Damage

3a. Avoid environmental degradation

Environmental factors such as exposure to sunlight, dirt or gritty-type matter, and cyclical changes in temperature and humidity can result in an accelerated deterioration of tie-downs.

The rate of this deterioration will vary with the level of exposure to these conditions and with the thickness of the tie-down webbing. Tie-downs that are used outdoors regularly should generally be permanently removed from service within a period of 2 to 4 years. All tie-downs that are exposed to these conditions should be highly scrutinized during their inspections.

Visible indications of deterioration can include the following:

• Fading of webbing color

• Uneven or disoriented surface yarn of the webbing

• Shortening of the tie-down length

• Reduction in elasticity and strength of the tie-down material due to exposure to sunlight, often evident by an accelerated abrasive damage to the surface yarn of the tie-down

• Breakage or damage to yarn fibers, often evident by a fuzzy appearance of the web

• Stiffening of the web, which can become particularly evident when tie-downs are exposed to outdoor conditions without being used or cyclically tensioned

Tie-downs are affected by some chemicals, ranging from little to total degradation. Time, temperature, and concentration factors affect the degradation. For specific applications, consult the manufacturer. In addition, water absorption can decrease a nylon tie-down’s strength by as much as 10–15% (its strength returns when the tie-down dries completely). Consult a tie-down manufacturer for specific application loss factors.

3b. Avoid actions that cause damage to tie-downs

You should always avoid any action that causes the types of damage identified in Section 2 of this Safety Bulletin, including (but not limited to):

• Dropping or dragging tie-downs on the ground, floor, or over abrasive surfaces

• Pulling tie-downs from under cargo when the cargo is resting on the tie-down—placing blocks under cargo if feasible

• Shortening or adjusting tie-downs using methods not approved by the tie-down manufacturer or a qualified person

• Twisting, kinking, or knotting the tie-down

• Exposing tie-downs to damaging chemicals

• Using tie-downs or allowing exposure to temperatures above 194°F (90°C) or below -40°F (-40°C)

• Using the tie-down with hardware that has edges or surfaces that could damage the tie-down

• Running/driving over tie-downs with a vehicle or other equipment

3c. Safeguard tie-downs using protection

Synthetic tie-downs can be damaged, abraded, or cut as tension and compression between the tie-down, the connection points, and the cargo develops. Surfaces in contact with the tie-down do not have to be very abrasive or have “razor” sharp edges to create the conditions for tie-down failure. Therefore, tie-downs must ALWAYS be protected from being cut or damaged by corners, edges, protrusions, or abrasive surfaces with protection sufficient for the intended purpose.

Abrasion protection will not prevent damage from cutting. If protection against cutting is necessary, use only tie-down protection devices that have been designed, tested, and rated by the manufacturer.

There are a variety of ways to protect tie-downs from damage. A qualified person might select and use appropriate engineered protectors (e.g., sleeves, pads, corner protectors, etc.) specifically designed to protect tie-downs from damage.

Regardless of the particular method chosen:

• The goal is to ensure that the tie-down maintains its ability to secure a load while avoiding contact with damaging or abrasive surfaces.

• A qualified person must ensure that the protection method chosen is appropriate for the types of damage to which the tie-down will be exposed.

The protection used must not be makeshift (i.e., selecting and using cardboard, work gloves, or other such items based solely on convenience or availability).

You should also keep in mind that no protection is “cut-proof,” and you should always operate within the specified limits of the tie-down and its accessories (e.g., hardware, tie-down protection, etc.).

Web tie-downs shall be attached to the vehicle and positioned under applicable regulations for the commodity being transported to prevent the shifting of and/or loss of cargo. Additionally, tie-down users are required to know commodity-specific rules governing proper tie-down determination as published by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Standard for Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo: 49 CFR 393.100 ~ 393.136 Final Rule and/or Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators, National Safety Code Standard 10 and/or current regulations in effect.

4. Always Use Tie-downs Properly

“When using tie-downs to secure cargo, a trained, qualified, and knowledgeable user must take into account all risk factors and the issues addressed in this bulletin, as well as consider any other relevant factors that may be appropriate. Among the factors related specifically to tie-downs, users must competently perform several activities, including (but not limited to) those discussed in the following subsections. Also, refer to the U.S. Dept of Transportation Cargo Securement Rules for additional information.

4a. Assess the cargo

Consider the nature, shape, and weight of the cargo, the potential dynamic (G) forces that might be exerted on the cargo, and the direction in which the cargo might move or shift (forward, backward, and laterally).

4b. Use an appropriate tie-down system

Users must determine the number and location of tie-downs required and select a suitable tie-down (or multiple tie-downs) for the type of cargo, environment, and vehicle anchor points. They must also identify the tie-down (s) working load limit and the vehicle’s anchor points. Tie-down fittings must be the proper type, size, and shape to attach properly to vehicle anchor points.

Refer to the manufacturer’s tag and/or other materials to determine the working load limit (WLL) reduction due to the tie-down configuration and angle. The effective downward pressure on a load will be reduced when the angle from the horizontal (tie-down to trailer) deviates from 90° (see Table 3 for the reduction in the effective downward pressure due to tie-down angle).

Nylon and polyester elongate at different rates when under tension. Due to their different elongation characteristics, tie-downs of different materials should not be used together when restraining cargo in the same direction.

4c. Do not misuse tie-downs

Use this tie-down for securing cargo only. NEVER use a tie-down for towing purposes. NEVER use a tie-down for lifting, lowering, or suspending objects.

5. Make Sure All Personnel are Clear of Cargo and Alert to Risks, Especially in the “Danger Zone”

Even if you account for all of the factors/issues discussed in this Safety Bulletin, things can still go wrong. Therefore, all personnel must be alert to potential risks associated with the use of tie-downs, especially in the “Danger Zone.”

The “Danger Zone” is any area where (a) the load could fall on or swing into personnel or property, or (b) deadly recoil could be produced by an unplanned release of tension.

Be alert in the “Danger Zone”.

The cargo must be securely blocked and stabilized before applying tension to or releasing the tie-downs. Be especially careful when releasing tie-downs, as cargo may have shifted (even slightly) during transport and could move or fall dangerously when tie-downs are released—have a plan to be able to get out of the way if this should occur.

Users must secure their footing before using tie-downs to prevent slipping or falling. Also, users must be alert to hazards resulting from tossing tie-down assemblies over the cargo.

6. Properly Store and Maintain tie-downs

To prevent damage to tie-downs, they should be stored in a cool, dry, and dark location. Tie-downs should also be stored in an area free from environmental or mechanical sources of damage, such as weld spatter, splinters from grinding or machining, heat sources, chemical exposure, etc.

Web tie-downs and associated hardware may be subjected to dirt, mud, snow, ice, road salt, cleaning solutions, etc. Frequent inspection, clean water rinsing, and lubrication as appropriate will ensure proper operating conditions. Aluminum fittings should not be cleaned with chlorine-based cleaning agents or used in high-chlorine environments.

Washing of tie-down webbing (including pressure washing) is not recommended, as any washing can cause accelerated degradation of the webbing and loss of strength due to mechanical/chemical damage.

Reduction of Angles

Where to Find Additional Information

This bulletin does not provide you with all the information you need to know to be considered trained and knowledgeable about securing cargo and using tie-downs, but it does provide important information about the use of tie-downs. 

If you need more information about tie-downs or your responsibilities according to regulations and standards, talk to your employer. You and your employer can consult some sources of information to help ensure that you are properly knowledgeable and trained when using tie-downs.

Understanding Synthetic Web Tie Downs

For the purposes of this document, a "synthetic web tie down" refers to a strap assembly made from synthetic webbing—either with or without end hardware—designed to secure cargo during transport. If tie downs are made from alternative materials or built using methods not outlined in this standard, they must be used according to the guidance provided by the manufacturer or a qualified professional.

When using synthetic web tie downs, safety must remain the highest priority. It is the responsibility of the user to choose the appropriate type of strap for the specific cargo, conditions, and securement configuration. Proper knowledge of cargo securement practices is essential, and users must also understand and follow all relevant regulations at the federal, state, provincial, and local levels, as well as applicable industry standards.

Please note: any illustrations included within this publication are intended for general reference only. They are not to be interpreted as specific recommendations for product use, design, or manufacturing techniques.

Identification Requirements for Synthetic Web Tie Downs

Each synthetic web tie down assembly—or individual sub-component, if designed to be detachable—must feature a permanent and legible form of identification applied by the manufacturer. This may be presented in the form of a sewn tag, stencil, or other durable marking method.

The following information is required for compliance:

• Manufacturer Identification: The name and/or registered trademark of the web tie down manufacturer must be clearly displayed.
  

• Working Load Limit (WLL): The rated Working Load Limit must be stated in both pounds (lbs) and kilograms (kg), ensuring the user can determine safe load capacities at a glance.
  

These identification markings are critical for proper use, regulatory compliance, and safety assurance during cargo securement operations.

Recommended Operating Practices for Web Tie Downs

Proper Selection and Application

Choosing the correct synthetic web tie down is essential to safe and compliant cargo securement. The selected tie down must be appropriate for the load type, environmental conditions, and compatible with the vehicle’s anchor points.

• Ensure all fittings are the correct size and shape to securely connect to both cargo and vehicle anchor points without risk of slippage or distortion.
  

• Verify the Working Load Limit (WLL) clearly marked on the tie down, expressed in both pounds and kilograms.
  

• Assess the WLL of anchor points on both the vehicle and cargo. If no rating is visible or documented, consult the vehicle manufacturer or asset owner for guidance.
  

• The lowest-rated component—whether the strap or anchor—determines the maximum WLL of the entire securement system.
  

Determining Quantity of Tie Downs

The number of required tie downs depends on multiple factors:

• Total weight of the cargo
  

• Type and classification of the commodity
  

• The aggregate WLL of the securement system
  

• Length-to-weight ratio of the load
  

• Securement angles, as steeper angles can reduce holding force
  

It is also the responsibility of both operators and enforcement personnel to be familiar with commodity-specific cargo securement requirements as outlined in:

• FMCSA’s “Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo” (Final Rule effective June 22, 2006 or most recent update)
  

• Canada’s National Safety Code (NSC) Standard 10, as amended by the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators (June 2013 or later)
  

Adhering to these principles ensures load stability, legal compliance, and on-road safety across commercial and industrial transport scenarios.

Use and Care Guidelines for Synthetic Web Tie Downs

To ensure safe performance and long service life, synthetic web tie downs must always be used within the manufacturer’s rated Working Load Limit (WLL).

Angle Consideration

The angle at which tie downs are used affects their efficiency. For example, when straps are applied at a 30° angle from horizontal, their vertical holding force drops by approximately 50%. In such cases, additional tie downs must be added to compensate for reduced effectiveness. This applies specifically to indirect tie-down configurations.

Secure Attachment

Straps must be properly routed and secured to vehicle anchor points based on the type of cargo. Protect all webbing from contact with sharp edges or abrasive surfaces using edge guards or wear sleeves that resist cutting and crushing.

Usage Restrictions

• Never knot, splice, or alter tie downs to change their length.
  

• Do not use synthetic tie downs for towing, lifting, or suspension applications.
  

• Winch and ratchet systems should maintain 2–4 wraps of webbing on the mandrel. Insufficient or excessive wraps may compromise strap tension and WLL ratings.
  

Safety Precautions

• Always ensure stable footing during operation.
  

• Exercise extra caution during cold weather or icy conditions.
  

• Do not pull tie downs from under a load.
  

• Avoid dragging straps on abrasive surfaces or dropping hardware, which may cause premature wear.
  

Ongoing Monitoring

 Inspect and adjust web tie downs as needed during transit in accordance with federal, state, provincial, and local securement regulations.

Environmental Considerations and Best Practices

Proper storage and environmental awareness can prevent degradation and extend the lifespan of your tie downs.

UV Exposure

Continuous exposure to sunlight and UV rays can degrade synthetic webbing. To minimize damage:

• Store tie downs in a cool, dry, and shaded location.
  

• Ask your supplier about UV-resistant coatings for added protection.
  

• Watch for signs of UV damage such as color fading, stiffness, or unexplained surface abrasion.
  

Chemical Resistance

• Polyester is resistant to many acids but can degrade under exposure to some.
  

• Nylon is more resistant to alkalis but more susceptible to acidic environments.
  

Before use in chemical settings, evaluate:

• Type of substance (acid or alkali)
  

• Concentration and temperature
  

• Duration and exposure conditions
  

Consult the manufacturer if uncertain about chemical compatibility.

Temperature Tolerance

Web tie downs made from nylon or polyester should not be used:

• Above 194°F (90°C)
  

• Below -40°F (-40°C)
  

This applies to contact with cargo, vehicles, or anchor points at those temperatures.

Moisture and Contamination

Tie downs exposed to road salt, snow, or mud require frequent inspection and cleaning. Use silicone-based lubricants for moving parts—avoid chlorine-based cleaners, especially on aluminum fittings, to prevent corrosion.

Note: Do not pressure wash or machine wash webbing, as it may cause mechanical damage and degrade strength. Light cleaning with mild soap and water is acceptable, followed by thorough air drying.

If there is any doubt about the integrity of the strap due to UV, chemical, or mechanical exposure—remove it from service or request a proof load test from the manufacturer.

This guide outlines recommended practices for the safe and effective use of synthetic web tie downs. It is based on the information provided by the Web Sling & Tie Down Association (WSTDA) but is not a substitute for consulting the manufacturer's instructions and applicable regulations.

Introduction

The Web Sling & Tie Down Association (WSTDA) develops recommended standards and reference materials for the synthetic web sling and tie-down industry. This manual provides a general overview of recommended procedures and operating practices. However, it is not exhaustive, and users should always consult the manufacturer for specific product and application information. The WSTDA disclaims responsibility for the actual use of synthetic web tie-down products.

Synthetic Web Tie Downs

A "web tie down" refers to a synthetic webbing assembly, with or without hardware, used to secure cargo. Tie downs not conforming to this manual should be used according to the manufacturer's instructions. Safety is paramount. Users must select appropriate tie downs, understand cargo securement methods, and comply with all relevant regulations.

Identification

Each tie-down assembly must be durably marked with the following information:

• Manufacturer's name and/or trademark
• Working Load Limit (WLL) in pounds and kilograms
• Use, inspection, and warning instructions

Recommended Operating Practices

Proper Selection

• Choose tie downs suitable for the load, environment, and vehicle anchor points.
• Ensure fittings are the correct size and shape.
• Identify the WLL of both the tie down and the anchor points; the lower of the two determines the system's WLL.
• Determine the necessary number of tie downs based on cargo weight, commodity type, the aggregate WLL, and the cargo's length/weight ratio. Consider tie-down angles.
• Comply with commodity-specific regulations from organizations such as the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.

Use and Care

• Never exceed the WLL. Account for the angle of the tie down, as it affects downward pressure.
• Attach tie downs according to applicable regulations to prevent shifting.
• Always protect tie downs from sharp edges, corners, and abrasive surfaces using appropriate edge protection.
• Do not shorten, join, repair, or lengthen tie downs by knotting.
• Tie downs designed for securing cargo should not be used for lifting, towing, or other unintended purposes.
• When using winch or ratchet straps, maintain 2-4 wraps of webbing on the mandrel.
• Maintain secure footing when operating tie downs. Exercise extra caution in adverse weather.
• Regularly inspect and adjust tie downs during transit according to regulations.
• Avoid pulling tie downs from under cargo.
• Do not drop or drag tie downs on abrasive surfaces.

Environmental Considerations

• Store tie downs in a cool, dry, dark place to prevent UV degradation.
• Consult the manufacturer regarding chemical compatibility in chemically active environments.
• Avoid using aluminum fittings where alkalis or acids are present.
• Be aware of the potential for degradation from acids and alkalis, considering the type, exposure conditions, concentration, temperature, and duration of exposure.
• Do not use nylon or polyester webbing tie downs at temperatures exceeding 194°F (90°C) or below -40°F (-40°C).
• Minimize UV exposure by storing tie downs properly and considering protective coatings.
• Regularly inspect and clean tie downs, rinsing with clean water and lubricating hardware as needed. Avoid chlorine-based cleaners on aluminum.
• Washing tie down webbing is not recommended.

Terminology

Understanding key industry terminology is essential for selecting, inspecting, and properly using synthetic tie-downs. The following glossary covers the most commonly used terms in cargo securement, based on recognized standards from WSTDA and transportation authorities.

Abrasion

The surface wear or damage caused by friction between materials or objects. Common in areas where straps contact rough or sharp edges.

Aggregate Working Load Limit (WLL)

The combined working load limit of all tie-down devices securing a cargo item. The total WLL must meet or exceed the weight of the cargo being transported.

Anchor Point

A fixed, rated attachment location on a vehicle — such as sidewalls, flooring, or frame — used to connect tie-downs. Anchor points must have a marked working load limit.

Breaking Strength

The amount of force, typically measured in pounds or kilograms, at which a tie-down or component will fail.

Coating

A protective layer applied to webbing or hardware to resist environmental exposure, chemical damage, moisture, and abrasion.

Design Factor

The safety ratio between the breaking strength and the working load limit of a strap. For synthetic web tie-downs, this is typically 3:1.

Direct Tie Down

A tie-down configuration where the strap connects directly between an anchor point and the cargo itself.

Elongation

The amount a strap stretches under tension, expressed as a percentage of its original length. Different materials have different elongation rates.

End Fitting (Fitting)

The load-bearing component (such as a hook or ring) attached to a tie-down strap for securing to an anchor point.

Fiber

A synthetic filament used to create yarn, which is woven into the webbing and threads used in strap construction.

Indirect Tie Down

A configuration where the strap passes over, around, or through the cargo and connects to anchor points on both sides of the vehicle. This increases downward pressure for better securement.

Length

The total usable length of the tie-down, measured from end fitting to end fitting.

Mandrel

The rotating barrel within a ratchet or winch where the strap webbing is wrapped during tensioning.

Proof Load Test

A non-destructive test applying 1.5 times the rated working load limit to verify strap strength without causing failure.

Protection (Edge Protection)

A material or sleeve used to shield straps from sharp edges, abrasion, or cutting during use. Not all protective materials prevent cutting.

Qualified Person

An individual who has demonstrated expertise in cargo securement, either through formal education, certification, or extensive field experience.

Synthetic Webbing

A high-strength woven material made from synthetic fibers (e.g. polyester or nylon) used in manufacturing ratchet straps and tie-downs.

Tensioning Device

A mechanical tool that applies and maintains tension in a tie-down. Common examples include ratchets, winches, and over-center buckles.

Thread

The strong synthetic yarn used in the stitching of tie-down webbing and hardware attachment points.

Tie Down

A strap assembly made from synthetic webbing, with or without end fittings, used to secure cargo. Examples include ratchet straps, winch straps, and webbing-only configurations.

Vehicle

Any commercial or personal transport unit used to carry cargo — including trailers, flatbeds, vans, and utility trucks.

Webbing

The flat woven fabric forming the body of a tie-down strap. Must meet strength, durability, and stretch standards outlined by WSTDA.

Winch

A mounted tensioning device used on trucks or trailers to tighten and secure winch straps via a rotating mandrel.

Working Load Limit (WLL)

The maximum safe operating load of a strap or component, assigned by the manufacturer. WLL is typically calculated as one-third of the strap’s minimum breaking strength.

Yarn

The fiber strands that are spun together to make the webbing and stitching thread in synthetic tie-downs.

Glossary of Tie-Down Webbing Terms

Abrasion

The gradual wear of webbing caused by repeated friction or rubbing against surfaces or materials.

Binder Yarn

A secondary yarn woven into webbing to hold layered plies together, increasing structural cohesion.

Breaking Strength

The maximum amount of force (in pounds or kilograms) that webbing can withstand before failing. Also known as tensile strength.

Catch Cord

Yarn that helps lock weft yarns in place during weaving, preventing the webbing from unraveling.

Creep

A slow, time-based stretch in webbing when it's under a continuous load. Some creep may be reversible once the load is removed.

Denier

A measurement of yarn thickness. It's the weight (in grams) of 9,000 meters of yarn. Lower denier means finer yarn, higher denier means thicker.

Elongation

The stretch of webbing under tension, shown as a percentage of its original length.

Filling / Weft / Picks

The horizontal yarns in woven webbing, running across the width from edge to edge.

High Tenacity

Refers to yarn with above-average strength — typically between 6.0 to 9.5 grams per denier.

Multifilament

Yarn made from many fine strands twisted or bundled together, offering flexibility and strength.

Narrow Fabric / Webbing

A tightly woven, non-elastic textile that's 12 inches wide or less, typically with finished edges.

Picks (or Weft/Filling)

Another term for the crosswise yarns in woven webbing that interlace with lengthwise yarns.

Raveling

The unwinding or fraying of fabric or webbing edges due to broken or loosened yarns.

Selvage / Selvedge

The tightly woven edge on each side of the webbing that prevents it from fraying.

Shuttle Loom

A traditional weaving machine that uses a shuttle to carry yarn across the loom during fabric construction.

Stuffer Yarn

Strong yarns added in the warp (lengthwise) direction to boost the webbing’s strength and weight.

Surface Plies

The outermost layers of plied webbing, which may also be called the face or back layers.

Synthetic Fiber

Man-made fibers such as polyester or nylon, commonly used in webbing for their strength and durability.

System 3 / System 5

Specialized edge-weaving techniques designed to prevent the webbing from raveling during use.

Tensile Strength

See Breaking Strength — the force required to break the webbing under tension.

Tie-Down Assembly

A complete strap system including webbing, hooks, and ratchets — used to secure cargo to vehicles or equipment anchor points.

Treated Webbing

Webbing that has undergone a chemical process for added resistance to UV, abrasion, moisture, or chemicals.

Untreated Webbing

Webbing with no protective coatings or chemical enhancements — more vulnerable to environmental wear.

Warp

The set of yarns that run lengthwise through the webbing, interwoven with crosswise weft yarns.

Webbing

A flat, tightly woven textile made from synthetic yarns, used in load securement due to its high tensile strength and durability.

Woven

Fabric produced by interlacing two sets of yarn — warp and weft — using a loom.

Weft

Yarns that run across the width of the webbing and interlace with the warp to form the woven structure.

Yarn

A continuous strand of fiber or filament used as the building block of webbing and other textile products.

Tow Strap Overview

This bulletin contains important safety information about the use of tow straps. However, it DOES NOT contain all the information you need to know about handling, manipulating, and towing vehicles safely. It is your responsibility to use tow straps safely and to consider all risk factors before using any tow strap system. Failure to do this may result in severe INJURY or DEATH due to tow strap failure.

1. All Tow Strap Users Must be Trained and Knowledgeable

All tow strap users must be trained on the proper use of tow straps, including selection and inspection, cautions to personnel and environmental effects. A "qualified person" is described as:

“Who by possession of a recognized degree, certificate of professional standing, or by extensive knowledge, training, and experience has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter and work.”

It is important that all tow strap users be knowledgeable about the safe and proper use and application of tow straps and securement practices and be thoroughly familiar with the manufacturer's recommendations and safety materials provided with each product. In addition, all users must be aware of their responsibilities as outlined in all applicable federal, state, provincial, and local regulations and industry standards (where applicable).

If you are unsure whether you are properly trained and knowledgeable, or if you are unsure of what the standards and regulations require of you, ask your employer for information and/or training—use tow straps until you are absolutely sure of what you are doing. Remember, when it comes to using tow straps, lack of skill, knowledge, and care can result in severe injury or death to you and others.

2. Tow Straps Must Be Adequately Protected From Damage

2a. Avoid Environmental Degradation

Environmental factors such as exposure to sunlight, dirt, or gritty-type matter and cyclical changes in temperature and humidity can result in an accelerated deterioration of tow straps. The rate of this deterioration will vary with the level of exposure to these conditions and with the thickness of the strap webbing. Tow straps that are used regularly should generally be permanently removed from service within a period of 2 to 4 years. 

All tow straps that are exposed to these conditions should be highly scrutinized during their inspections.

• Visible indications of such deterioration can include the following:

• Fading of webbing color.

• Uneven or disoriented surface yarn of the webbing.

• Shortening of the tow strap length.

• Reduction in elasticity and strength of the tow strap material due to exposure to sunlight, often evident by accelerated abrasive damage to the surface yarn of the tow strap.

• Breakage or damage to yarn fibers, often evident by a fuzzy appearance of the web.

• Stiffening of the web, which can become particularly evident when tow straps are exposed to outdoor conditions without being used or cyclically tensioned.

3. Avoid Actions that Cause Damage to Tow Straps

You should always avoid any action that causes the types of damage identified in the previous section of this Safety Bulletin, including (but not limited to):

• Dragging tow straps on the ground, floor, or over abrasive surfaces.

• Twisting, kinking, or knotting the tow strap.

• Exposing tow straps to damaging acids or alkalis.

• Using tow straps or allowing exposure to temperatures above 194°F (90°C) or below -40°F (-40°C).

• Using the tow strap against edges or surfaces that could damage the strap webbing.

• Running/driving over tow straps with a vehicle or other equipment.

Tow straps are affected by some chemicals ranging from little to total degradation. Time, temperature, and concentration factors affect the degradation. For specific applications, consult the manufacturer.

4. Always Use Tow Straps Properly

Tow straps must be used by trained individuals who understand the towing or recovery process. The following points are critical for safe and effective use.

4a. Assess the Load

Before using a tow strap, ensure the Minimum Breaking Strength (MBS) of the strap is at least three times the Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) of the vehicle being towed. For example, if the MBS of the strap is 300k, the GVW of the vehicle should not exceed 100k. If the vehicle is unevenly balanced or has an unstable load, make sure to use the correct setup, such as a single line, double line, bridle, or V-brace, to ensure the load is properly distributed during towing.

4b. Use the Appropriate Tow Strap System

Choose the correct number of tow straps and ensure they are placed at the proper anchor points on both the towing and towed vehicles. The tow straps should be compatible with the weight of the vehicle and environmental conditions. Always consider the angle at which the strap is used—an improper angle can weaken the strap and reduce its effectiveness.

4c. Do Not Misuse Tow Straps

Tow straps are designed specifically for towing. Never use them for securing, lifting, or any other purpose outside of towing or recovery. Misusing them can lead to equipment failure or accidents.

5. Make Sure All Personnel are Clear of Tow Operations and Alert to Risks

Even with the best preparation and adherence to safety measures, unforeseen issues can still arise when using tow straps. All personnel must remain alert to potential risks throughout the towing process. Before applying or releasing tension on the tow straps, ensure the vehicle or equipment being towed is stable and secure.

Extra caution is essential when releasing tension, as vehicles or loads may shift unexpectedly, creating a risk of sudden movement. Have a clear plan for personnel to move to a safe location if the situation becomes hazardous. Additionally, ensure that everyone involved maintains a stable footing to prevent slips or falls. Stay mindful of hazards associated with positioning or tossing tow straps, and take care to avoid creating risks for others in the vicinity.

6. Properly Store and Maintain Tow Straps

To ensure the longevity and reliability of tow straps, they should be stored in a cool, dry, and dark location. Keep them away from environmental or mechanical hazards, such as weld spatter, sharp edges, grinding debris, heat sources, or chemical exposure, which could cause damage.

Tow straps should remain clean and free from dirt, grease, or other contaminants. Clean straps with mild soap and water, ensuring they are thoroughly dried before returning them to storage or using them again. Proper storage and maintenance help prevent wear and extend the life of your tow straps.

Where to Find Additional Information

Disclaimer: This bulletin is not intended to serve as a comprehensive training guide for towing operations or the proper use of tow straps. It is designed to provide key safety information and general best practices. For complete training and compliance with safety standards, refer to the manufacturer’s instructions and consult applicable guidelines from regulatory authorities.

Overview

Regular cleaning of tow straps ensures their performance and extends their service life. The right cleaning methods also prevent the buildup of debris that can cause wear and tear over time. Below are a few essential tips to maintain your tow straps:

Step-by-Step Cleaning Process

1. Start by removing any dirt, sand, or debris from the strap's surface.
2. Use lukewarm water and a mild detergent to wash the strap by hand or in a gentle cycle in a washing machine.
3. Avoid using bleach or harsh chemicals, as they can weaken the fabric.
4. After cleaning, let the strap air dry. Avoid direct heat sources such as dryers or radiators, which can cause the fabric to shrink or degrade.

Drying & Storage

To ensure the longevity of your tow straps, proper drying and storage are essential. Here are some important guidelines:

1. Do not store wet or damp straps, as they can develop mildew.
2. Store tow straps in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight.
3. Ensure straps are fully dry before storing them to prevent mold or material degradation.

Inspection After Cleaning

Once the tow strap is cleaned and dried, it is important to inspect it for any signs of wear, fraying, or damage. Ensure the strap is in optimal condition before using it again. If any damage is detected, it is recommended to replace the strap to ensure safety during use.

Equipment Requirements

This inspection procedure requires minimal equipment. You will need a clean, flat surface to fully extend the strap (shop floor, clean ground, or suspended between two anchor points) and adequate lighting for visual examination. No specialized tools are necessary.

Detailed Inspection Process

Begin by laying out the tow strap in its full length on a clean surface or suspending it between two secure points. Straighten the strap completely to eliminate any twists or folds. Conduct an initial visual assessment to identify any obvious damage before proceeding with detailed examination.

Eye Loop Examination

Start your inspection at one of the eye loops. Place both hands around the eye opening and examine the internal surface. Run your thumb around the interior edge, feeling for cuts, rough spots, or wear patterns from shackles and/or anchor points. 

Next, inspect the stitching where the eye loop connects to the main webbing. Verify that all stitches are present and intact. Look for loose threads, gaps in the stitching, or any signs of separation between the eye loop and the main webbing.

Key indicators of eye loop damage include cuts or tears anywhere on the loop, missing or broken stitches, stretched or distorted eye openings, and excessive wear on the interior edge that creates sharp or rough areas.

Main Webbing Inspection

Employ the hand-over-hand method for systematic examination of the main webbing. Position both hands on the stra. Apply moderate pressure while maintaining contact with the webbing surface. Move your hands down the length of the strap in overlapping increments, ensuring complete coverage of the entire surface.

During this tactile examination, you are detecting hard spots or lumps that may indicate embedded foreign objects such as glass, metal shards, or debris. Feel for soft or compressed areas that suggest internal webbing damage. Run your fingers along both edges to locate cuts, tears, or fraying. Note any sections that exhibit unusual stiffness or brittleness, which may indicate heat or chemical damage.

Simultaneously conduct a visual inspection while performing the tactile examination. Monitor the webbing for color consistency along its entire length. Fading or bleaching indicates UV damage from sun exposure, while dark spots suggest contamination from oil, grease, or chemicals. Different colored patches or patterns may indicate heat damage. 

Examine the surface for cuts, nicks, gouges, burn marks, melted areas, or unusual shininess that suggests fiber damage. Fuzzy or fluffy areas indicate surface wear. Check both edges for fraying, stitching separation, or raw edges.

Secondary Eye Loop Verification

Repeat the complete eye loop inspection procedure at the opposite end of the strap. Compare wear patterns between both eye loops to identify any asymmetrical damage or unusual loading patterns.

Material Condition Testing

Conduct a flexibility assessment by selecting several points along the strap's length. Fold the webbing gently at each point to test its bending characteristics. Normal webbing material should bend easily without resistance. Stiffness, brittleness, or crackling sounds during flexion indicate material degradation.

Perform an olfactory assessment by examining the strap for unusual odors. Chemical odors suggest possible damage from exposure to acids or solvents. Burnt smells indicate heat damage. Musty or moldy odors suggest improper drying or storage conditions.

Removal Criteria

Remove the tow strap from service immediately if any of the following conditions are present: cuts penetrating through webbing yarns regardless of size, embedded foreign objects (glass, metal, or debris) that cannot be safely extracted, stitching damage at eye loops, evidence of chemical exposure including burns or staining, heat damage manifested as melting, glazing, or brittle areas, knots tied anywhere in the strap, visible mold or mildew growth, or previous unauthorized repairs using tape, wire, or other materials.

Inspection Classification System

All tow strap users must understand and implement the following three levels of inspection:

Initial Inspection

This inspection is conducted before first use upon receipt of the strap. The purpose is to verify the tow strap meets specifications and has not sustained damage during transit. The process includes confirming the strap is the correct product as ordered, verifying compliance with manufacturer specifications, checking for shipping damage, and verifying proper identification and markings are present. 

Frequent Inspection

Frequent inspections are performed daily or before each shift under normal service conditions, or before each use in severe operating conditions. These inspections may be conducted by the user or other designated personnel. The purpose is to identify obvious damage or issues before deployment. 

During frequent inspections, examine the strap for cut or torn yarns or webbing, holes, snags, or punctures, abrasive wear, knots, crushed webbing, heat or chemical damage, UV degradation including fading or stiffness, and end fitting damage. 

Periodic Inspection

Periodic inspections occur at regular intervals not exceeding one year and should be performed by designated personnel, preferably someone other than those conducting frequent inspections. The purpose is comprehensive assessment of strap condition and verification of frequent inspection practices. The inspection criteria mirror those of frequent inspections but require more thorough and detailed examination. 

Recommended intervals vary by service type: normal service warrants yearly inspection, severe service requires monthly to quarterly inspection, and special service follows recommendations from qualified personnel. 

Critical Safety Requirements

If any of the following conditions are discovered during inspection, regardless of inspection level, immediately remove the tow strap from service: cuts, tears, or holes in the webbing; significant abrasion or wear; heat or chemical damage; end fitting damage or deformation; knots in any part of the strap; or any condition that raises doubt about the strap's structural integrity.

Storage Protocols

Ensure straps are completely dry before storage to prevent mildew growth and material degradation. Store in locations protected from direct sunlight to prevent UV damage. Maintain storage areas with controlled temperature and humidity levels. Store straps either flat or loosely coiled to prevent creasing or permanent deformation. Keep straps isolated from chemicals, fuels, corrosive materials, and sharp objects. Avoid placing other equipment or materials on top of stored straps.

In Summary

Proper tow strap inspection requires systematic examination of all components using both tactile and visual methods. When uncertainty exists regarding a strap's condition, obtain a second opinion or replace the strap. Tow straps are critical safety equipment, and compromising on inspection standards can result in equipment failure with serious consequences.

Remember that a tow strap failure can cause severe injury or death. Maintain rigorous inspection standards without exception, regardless of the intended application or load.

Recovery Force Estimation Guide

This guide provides a structured methodology for calculating the total force required to recover immobilized vehicles across varying terrain, slope gradients, and damage conditions. It is designed for operators conducting controlled extractions in commercial, municipal, or industrial recovery scenarios. Use the formulas and factors below to determine appropriate working load limits (WLL) for straps, winch lines, and rigging setups in the field.

1. Terrain Resistance Factor (TRF)

Multiply GVW by factor below to calculate terrain drag:

2. Slope Resistance Factor (SRF)

Multiply GVW by slope factor if winching uphill:

3. Damage Resistance Factor (RDF)

Add resistance based on mechanical condition:

4. Error Margin (20%)

Add 20% margin to subtotal for unknowns and friction variability.

Total Force Required = (TRF × GVW) + (SRF × GVW) + RDF + (Subtotal × 0.20)

Example Calculations

Operator Notes

Prior to initiating recovery, conduct a thorough site assessment factoring in terrain resistance, slope, vehicle condition, and environmental hazards. Confirm all anchor points are structurally sound and rated to exceed calculated force requirements. Ensure all equipment, including straps, shackles, and winch lines, meet or exceed the working load limits (WLL) dictated by the recovery scenario.

When operational uncertainty exists, due to terrain, load shift, or partial immobilization, apply additional safety margin to WLL calculations. A secondary operator should independently verify setup integrity and signal coordination, especially in critical or high-resistance recoveries.